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US Senate 2024Pennsylvania

Election held ·

Notable candidates

Democratic Party

Money Trails · Pennsylvania · U.S. Senate · 2024

Who paid for the ads about Bob Casey?

20 outside groups that reported independent expenditures about Bob Casey also ran Google ads in this race. The largest, SENATE LEADERSHIP FUND, ran 98 ads (Google: $4.9M–$5.8M) and reported $53M opposing Bob Casey; its largest funder was ONE NATION ($36M). Bob Casey's own committee ran 103 ads (Google: $3.4M–$4.1M) from $58M in campaign receipts.

Records behind this sentence:BOB CASEY FOR SENATE INC ads ↗BOB CASEY FOR SENATE INC receipts ↗SENATE LEADERSHIP FUND ads ↗SENATE LEADERSHIP FUND Sched. E ↗SENATE LEADERSHIP FUND receipts ↗

Start with @graph to draw the answer as a flow diagram.

BOB CASEY FOR SENATE INCSenate campaignBob Casey's own campaign

Ads it ran

103 ads in the Google ad library

$3.4M–$4.1MGoogle ↗ platform range

Apr 28, 2023 – Nov 6, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

This is the candidate's own committee; its ads are campaign spending, not independent expenditures.

Money into BOB CASEY FOR SENATE INC

Total receipts
$58MFEC ↗
from individuals
$44MFEC ↗
from committees
$3.0MFEC ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

SENATE LEADERSHIP FUNDSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

98 ads in the Google ad library

$4.9M–$5.8MGoogle ↗ platform range

Sep 3, 2024 – Nov 6, 2024 · sponsor match verified by hand · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into SENATE LEADERSHIP FUND

  • Other contributors to SENATE LEADERSHIP FUND (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors249 giftsgave$69Mto SENATE LEADERSHIP FUNDFEC ↗
  • ONE NATIONorganizationgave$36Mto SENATE LEADERSHIP FUNDFEC ↗
  • GRIFFIN, KENNETH C.individualgave$30Mto SENATE LEADERSHIP FUNDFEC ↗
  • SINGER, PAUL ELLIOTTindividualgave$27Mto SENATE LEADERSHIP FUNDFEC ↗
  • ADELSON, MIRIAMindividualgave$15Mto SENATE LEADERSHIP FUNDFEC ↗
disclosed 79%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 21%

Of $265M traced back up to 2 hops: 79% reaches named sources, 21% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTIONHybrid PAC (non-qualified)

full chain →

Ads it ran

28 ads in the Google ad library

$835K–$1.0MGoogle ↗ platform range

Apr 9, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match verified by hand · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTION

  • Other contributors to AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTION (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors1,418 giftsgave$35Mto AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTIONFEC ↗
  • KOCH INDUSTRIES INC.organizationgave$25Mto AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTIONFEC ↗
  • STAND TOGETHER CHAMBER OF COMMERCEorganizationgave$25Mto AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTIONFEC ↗
  • STAND TOGETHER CHAMBER OF COMMERCEorganizationgave$20Mto AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTIONFEC ↗
  • KOCH INDUSTRIES INCorganizationgave$15Mto AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTIONFEC ↗
disclosed 67%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 33%

Of $176M traced back up to 1 hop: 67% reaches named sources, 33% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

LCV VICTORY FUNDSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

3 ads in the Google ad library

$575K–$655KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 2, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into LCV VICTORY FUND

  • LEAGUE OF CONSERVATION VOTERS, INC.organizationgave$49Mto LCV VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • Other contributors to LCV VICTORY FUND (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors1,010 giftsgave$15Mto LCV VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • AMERICA VOTES ACTION FUNDOgave$3.8Mto LCV VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • BLOOMBERG, MICHAELindividualgave$2.8Mto LCV VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • AMERICA VOTESorganizationgave$1.9Mto LCV VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
disclosed 30%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 70%

Of $79M traced back up to 5 hops: 30% reaches named sources, 70% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

WINSENATESuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

74 ads in the Google ad library

$5.0M–$5.8MGoogle ↗ platform range

Jul 12, 2024 – Nov 6, 2024 · sponsor match verified by hand · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into WINSENATE

disclosed 64%inferable 0%not walked 3%dark 33%

Of $313M traced back up to 5 hops: 64% reaches named sources, 33% stops at groups that do not disclose donors, 3% was not walked. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

BLACKPACSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

3 ads in the Google ad library

$75K–$90KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 18, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into BLACKPAC

disclosed 30%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 70%

Of $35M traced back up to 5 hops: 30% reaches named sources, 70% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

KEYSTONE RENEWAL PACSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

15 ads in the Google ad library

$460K–$560KGoogle ↗ platform range

Sep 25, 2023 – Nov 6, 2024 · sponsor match verified by hand · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into KEYSTONE RENEWAL PAC

  • GRIFFIN, KENNETH Cindividualgave$15Mto KEYSTONE RENEWAL PACFEC ↗
  • Other contributors to KEYSTONE RENEWAL PAC (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors94 giftsgave$14Mto KEYSTONE RENEWAL PACFEC ↗
  • YASS, JEFFindividualgave$3.3Mto KEYSTONE RENEWAL PACFEC ↗
  • PETERFFY, THOMAS P. MR.individualgave$3.0Mto KEYSTONE RENEWAL PACFEC ↗
  • SINGER, PAULindividualgave$2.0Mto KEYSTONE RENEWAL PACFEC ↗
disclosed 87%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 13%

Of $59M traced back up to 3 hops: 87% reaches named sources, 13% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

NATIONAL NURSES UNITED FOR PATIENT PROTECTIONSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

1 ad in the Google ad library

$15K–$20KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 9, 2024 – Nov 6, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into NATIONAL NURSES UNITED FOR PATIENT PROTECTION

disclosed 100%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 0%

Of $5.5M traced back up to 2 hops: 100% reaches named sources, 0% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

DMFI PACHybrid PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

1 ad in the Google ad library

$10K–$15KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 23, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into DMFI PAC

  • Other contributors to DMFI PAC (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors299 giftsgave$1.4Mto DMFI PACFEC ↗
  • DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY FOR ISRAELorganizationgave$1.3Mto DMFI PACFEC ↗
  • SIMON, DEBORAHindividualgave$1.0Mto DMFI PACFEC ↗
  • LAUDER, GARY MARKindividualgave$500Kto DMFI PACFEC ↗
  • MINDICH, ERICindividualgave$350Kto DMFI PACFEC ↗
disclosed 80%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 20%

Of $6.5M traced back up to 1 hop: 80% reaches named sources, 20% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

MAINSTREAM DEMOCRATS PACSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

1 ad in the Google ad library

$10K–$15KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 23, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into MAINSTREAM DEMOCRATS PAC

  • HOFFMAN, REIDindividualgave$1.3Mto MAINSTREAM DEMOCRATS PACFEC ↗
  • SIMON, DEBORAHindividualgave$1.0Mto MAINSTREAM DEMOCRATS PACFEC ↗
  • SCHUSTERMAN, STACY Hindividualgave$500Kto MAINSTREAM DEMOCRATS PACFEC ↗
  • FINNEGAN, PAULindividualgave$250Kto MAINSTREAM DEMOCRATS PACFEC ↗
  • BENTON, DANIELindividualgave$200Kto MAINSTREAM DEMOCRATS PACFEC ↗
disclosed 97%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 3%

Of $3.5M traced back up to 1 hop: 97% reaches named sources, 3% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL FREEDOM FUNDSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

3 ads in the Google ad library

$120K–$145KGoogle ↗ platform range

Sep 30, 2024 – Nov 4, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL FREEDOM FUND

  • REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALLorganizationgave$1.1Mto REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL FREEDOM FUNDFEC ↗
  • DEMOCRACY PACOgave$1.0Mto REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL FREEDOM FUNDFEC ↗
  • SMPOgave$297Kto REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL FREEDOM FUNDFEC ↗
  • ECK, DENNISindividualgave$150Kto REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL FREEDOM FUNDFEC ↗
  • DELANEY, M. QUINNindividualgave$50Kto REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL FREEDOM FUNDFEC ↗
disclosed 21%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 79%

Of $2.7M traced back up to 5 hops: 21% reaches named sources, 79% stops at groups that do not disclose donors, 0% was not walked. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

RJC VICTORY FUNDSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

3 ads in the Google ad library

$80K–$100KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 1, 2024 – Jan 30, 2025 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into RJC VICTORY FUND

  • ADELSON, MIRIAMindividualgave$5.0Mto RJC VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • REPUBLICAN JEWISH COALITIONorganizationgave$4.3Mto RJC VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • KOUM, JANindividualgave$2.4Mto RJC VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • LEON RACHEL CORPorganizationgave$1.1Mto RJC VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
  • PROBITY INTERNATIONAL CORPorganizationgave$1.0Mto RJC VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
disclosed 69%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 31%

Of $17M traced back up to 1 hop: 69% reaches named sources, 31% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

GREAT OPPORTUNITY PAC, INC.Super PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

2 ads in the Google ad library

$50K–$60KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 18, 2024 – Nov 2, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into GREAT OPPORTUNITY PAC, INC.

  • GREAT OPPORTUNITY POLICY INCorganizationgave$550Kto GREAT OPPORTUNITY PAC, INC.FEC ↗
  • YASS, JEFFindividualgave$500Kto GREAT OPPORTUNITY PAC, INC.FEC ↗
  • ROWAN, MARCindividualgave$200Kto GREAT OPPORTUNITY PAC, INC.FEC ↗
  • KASHIAN, EDWARD M.individualgave$50Kto GREAT OPPORTUNITY PAC, INC.FEC ↗
  • STEWARD, DAVID L.individualgave$50Kto GREAT OPPORTUNITY PAC, INC.FEC ↗
disclosed 63%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 37%

Of $1.5M traced back up to 3 hops: 63% reaches named sources, 37% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

FUTURE PENNSYLVANIA PACSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

10 ads in the Google ad library

$385K–$465KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 14, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into FUTURE PENNSYLVANIA PAC

disclosed 37%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 63%

Of $3.7M traced back up to 6 hops: 37% reaches named sources, 63% stops at groups that do not disclose donors, 0% was not walked. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

FORWARD BLUESuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

3 ads in the Google ad library

$50K–$65KGoogle ↗ platform range

Sep 26, 2024 – Oct 11, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into FORWARD BLUE

  • Other contributors to FORWARD BLUE (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors13,013 giftsgave$5.4Mto FORWARD BLUEFEC ↗
disclosed 100%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 0%

Of $5.4M traced back up to 1 hop: 100% reaches named sources, 0% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

CARE IN ACTION PACSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

7 ads in the Google ad library

$110K–$145KGoogle ↗ platform range

Jul 29, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into CARE IN ACTION PAC

disclosed 73%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 27%

Of $6.1M traced back up to 3 hops: 73% reaches named sources, 27% stops at groups that do not disclose donors, 0% was not walked. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTESSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

2 ads in the Google ad library

$80K–$90KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 15, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTES

  • Other contributors to HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTES (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors1,278 giftsgave$1.1Mto HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTESFEC ↗
  • HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN PACQgave$225Kto HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTESFEC ↗
  • WEINHOLTZ, MICHAELindividualgave$125Kto HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTESFEC ↗
  • SCHMIDT, ERICindividualgave$100Kto HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTESFEC ↗
  • GREEN, ERICindividualgave$26Kto HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN EQUALITY VOTESFEC ↗
disclosed 98%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 2%

Of $1.7M traced back up to 2 hops: 98% reaches named sources, 2% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA POLITICAL VICTORY FUNDPAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

3 ads in the Google ad library

$165K–$200KGoogle ↗ platform range

Sep 5, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA POLITICAL VICTORY FUND

  • Other contributors to NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA POLITICAL VICTORY FUND (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors7,276 giftsgave$2.3Mto NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA POLITICAL VICTORY FUNDFEC ↗
disclosed 100%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 0%

Of $2.3M traced back up to 1 hop: 100% reaches named sources, 0% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

RSLC PACSuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

2 ads in the Google ad library

$70K–$80KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 8, 2024 – Nov 6, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into RSLC PAC

  • REPUBLICAN STATE LEADERSHIP COMMITTEEorganizationgave$19Mto RSLC PACFEC ↗
  • Other contributors to RSLC PAC (each <1% of receipts, or beyond the 40 largest)many small contributors2 giftsgave$11Kto RSLC PACFEC ↗
disclosed 0%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 100%

Of $19M traced back up to 1 hop: 0% reaches named sources, 100% stops at groups that do not disclose donors. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

VOTEVETSHybrid PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

3 ads in the Google ad library

$85K–$100KGoogle ↗ platform range

Oct 10, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into VOTEVETS

disclosed 91%inferable 0%not walked 2%dark 7%

Of $23M traced back up to 5 hops: 91% reaches named sources, 7% stops at groups that do not disclose donors, 2% was not walked. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

PEOPLE POWER PENNSYLVANIASuper PAC

full chain →

Ads it ran

38 ads in the Google ad library

$750K–$960KGoogle ↗ platform range

Jul 26, 2024 – Nov 5, 2024 · sponsor match by advertiser name · see the ads

What it declared about Bob Casey

Money into PEOPLE POWER PENNSYLVANIA

  • LIUNA BUILDING AMERICAOgave$300Kto PEOPLE POWER PENNSYLVANIAFEC ↗
  • COMMONWEALTH COMMUNICATIONSorganizationgave$250Kto PEOPLE POWER PENNSYLVANIAFEC ↗
  • SEIU STATE COUNCILorganizationgave$120Kto PEOPLE POWER PENNSYLVANIAFEC ↗
  • LUDWIG, EUGENE A.individualgave$100Kto PEOPLE POWER PENNSYLVANIAFEC ↗
  • RESET TECH ACTIONorganizationgave$100Kto PEOPLE POWER PENNSYLVANIAFEC ↗
disclosed 56%inferable 0%not walked 0%dark 44%

Of $870K traced back up to 5 hops: 56% reaches named sources, 44% stops at groups that do not disclose donors, 0% was not walked. Sched. A ↗

Pooled: these gifts went into the sponsor's account as a whole. None of them paid for any particular ad.

61 more groups filed independent expenditures about Bob Casey but have no ads in the Google library (TV, mail, and other media are not in it). They are on the spending answer.

  • money edge — a filed transfer into a committee's account
  • targeting edge — the spender's for/against declaration; no money reaches the candidate
  • ranges — Google's per-ad spend buckets, summed; never added to FEC dollars

Assumptions and limits

  • Google does not record which candidate an outside group's ad is about. Ads are attributed to their sponsor by the advertiser name, and the sponsor to the candidate by its own Schedule E filings; an individual ad may be about someone else.
  • Ad spend is the bucketed range Google publishes per ad, summed across the sponsor's ads; it is a platform estimate, not a filed figure, and is never added to FEC dollars.
  • "Spent against" and "spent for" are independent expenditures (FEC Schedule E): the spender's own declaration about a candidate, paid to the spender's vendors. None of this money reaches the candidate.
  • Money that reaches a committee is pooled. A funder listed here gave to the sponsor's account as a whole; none of them can be said to have paid for any particular ad.
  • 61 committees that filed independent expenditures about Bob Casey ran no ads the Google library ties to them (TV, mail and other media are not in the library).

How the question is read. Questions are answered by a language model that writes one read-only query over the filings graph; the site validates and runs it and shows every returned row with its filing source, and the model's summary is withheld unless every number in it is in those rows. When a precomputed page matches the question it is linked as a related page. Where the graph is not connected, the browser matcher picks a page instead.

On issue pages the groups' stated positions were read from their own sites by a model offline and kept only where the quote appears verbatim on the page; each is labelled verified or unverified.

How the answers were built. Answers are precomputed from this race's ledger, ads, chain and entity files by pipeline/campaign_commons/trails.py; no language model or graph database is involved in building them. Three questions are supported: who is spending for/against a candidate (Schedule E), who paid for the ads about a candidate (ad sponsors, their Schedule E about the candidate, and each sponsor's own funders), and who funds a committee (its receipts hop by hop). Every figure links to the FEC or Google record it was read from. Money edges and targeting edges are separate; an independent expenditure moves no money to a candidate, and a funder is never joined to a particular ad because pooled dollars cannot be allocated that way.